Meteorites from Other Planets

The more we learn about our planet, the more we want samples from other planets. Weve sent men and machines to the Moon and elsewhere, where instruments have examined their surfaces close up. Given the expense of spaceflight, its easier to find Mars and Moon rocks lying on the ground on Earth. We didnt know about these extraplanetary rocks until recently; all we knew was that there were a few particularly strange meteorites. Asteroid Meteorites Almost all meteorites come from the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter, where thousands of small solid objects orbit the sun. Asteroids are ancient bodies, as old as Earth itself. They have been little altered from the time they formed, except that they have been shattered against other asteroids. The pieces range in size from dust specks to the asteroid Ceres, some 950 kilometers across. Meteorites have been classified into various families, and current theory is that many of these families came from a larger parent body. The eucrite family is one example, now traced to the asteroid Vesta, and research into the dwarf planets is a lively field. It helps that a few of the largest asteroids appear to be undamaged parent bodies. Almost all meteorites fit this model of asteroid parent bodies. Planetary Meteorites A handful of meteorites are very different from the rest: they show chemical and petrological signs of having been part of a full-sized, evolving planet. Their isotopes are unbalanced, among other anomalies. Some are similar to basaltic rocks known on Earth. After we went to the Moon and sent sophisticated instruments to Mars, it became clear where these rare stones come from. These are meteorites created by other meteorites—by asteroids themselves. Asteroid impacts onto Mars and the Moon blasted these rocks into space, where they drifted for many years before falling on Earth. Out of many thousands of meteorites, only a hundred or so are known to be Moon or Mars rocks. You can own a piece for thousands of dollars a gram, or find one yourself. Hunting Extraplanetaries You can look for meteorites in two ways: wait until you see one fall or search for them on the ground. Historically, witnessed falls were the primary means of discovering meteorites, but in recent years people have started looking for them more systematically. Both scientists and amateurs are in the hunt—its a lot like fossil hunting that way. One difference is that many meteorite hunters are willing to give or sell pieces of their finds to science, whereas a fossil cant be sold in pieces so its harder to share. There are two kinds of places on Earth where meteorites are more likely to be found. One is on parts of the Antarctic ice cap where the ice flows together and evaporates in the sun and wind, leaving behind meteorites as a lag deposit. Here scientists have the place to themselves, and the Antarctic Search for Meteorites program (ANSMET) harvests the blue-ice plains every year. Stones from the Moon and Mars have been found there. The other prime meteorite hunting grounds are deserts. The dry conditions tend to preserve stones, and the lack of rain means they are less likely to wash away. In windswept areas, just as in Antarctica, fine material does not bury the meteorites either. Significant finds have come from Australia, Arabia, California, and the Saharan countries. Martian rocks were found in Oman by amateurs in 1999, and the next year a scientific expedition by the University of Bern in Switzerland recovered some 100 meteorites including a Martian shergottite. The government of Oman, which supported the project, got a piece of the stone for the Natural History Museum in Muscat. The university made a point of boasting that this meteorite was the first Mars rock that is fully available to science. Generally, the Saharan meteorite theater is chaotic, with finds going into the private market in direct competition with scientists. Scientists dont need much material, though. Rocks from Elsewhere We have also sent probes to the surface of Venus. Might there be Venus rocks on Earth as well? If there were, we could probably recognize them given the knowledge we have from the Venus landers. But its extremely unlikely: not only is Venus deeper in the Suns gravity well, but its thick atmosphere would muffle all but the very largest impacts. Still, there just might be Venus rocks to be found. And Mercury rocks are not beyond all possibility either—in fact, we might have some in the exceedingly rare angrite meteorites. We need to send a lander to Mercury for ground-truth observations first. The Messenger mission, which is now orbiting Mercury, is already telling us a lot. PS: Just to take things a little farther, consider this: impacts on Earth have undoubtedly knocked Earth rocks into space too. Most probably fell back, melted, as tektites, but some must be sitting on the Moon right now, while others could have landed on Venus and Mars. In fact, in 2005 we found a big iron meteorite on Mars surface—why not Earth stones too? If life really did exist on Mars, as some evidence suggests, it could have traveled there from Earth. Or was it the other way around? Or, indeed, did both come from Venuss early oceans?

Contraceptive Methods For Women And Contraception

Women make up half of the world’s population, yet many do not have access to resources that would improve their lives. Family planning, which allows people to attain their desired number of children and determine the spacing of their pregnancies, is achieved through the use of contraceptive methods. The promotion of family planning is vital to female autonomy, and also helps support the development of communities. Access to contraception, the deliberate use of artificial methods or other techniques to prevent pregnancy as a consequence of sexual intercourse, varies across the world. However, according to the World Health Organization, an estimated 225 million women in developing countries would â€Å"like to delay or stop childbearing but are†¦show more content†¦Divided into groups ranging from 1 to 5, one being the highest equality and 5 being the lowest, states from group 3 and higher have greater gender equality than states in groups 4 and 5. The â€Å"Trends in Contraceptive Use Worldwide 2015† report from the United Nations will be used to estimate contraceptive prevalence by any method, the unmet need for family planning, and the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods, as well as the specific contraceptive type for married or in-union women aged 15-49. Using these two reports, the level of gender equality in each state will be assessed in relation to the states’ achievement of good governance. One may question: what are the benefits of family planning? To answer this question, an article posted to the United Nations Population Fund website summarizes the benefits of family planning in the well-being of women, families, and economies. It reads, â€Å"a new study by the Guttmacher Institute has confirmed that women’s ability to use contraceptives, and to determine whether and when to have children, enhances their education and employment chances.† In summary, contraceptive use will lead to educ ational attainment, workplace participation, and economic stability, as it allowed more young women to obtain at least some college education, leading to more participation in the labor force and to pursue advanced professional degrees, as well as increasing women’s earning power, decreasing the genderShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )1674 Words   |  7 PagesFDA-approved contraceptive methods, sterilization procedures, and patient counseling and education must be covered for all women with reproductive capability without having to pay a co-insurance, co-payment or a deductible. The covered forms of contraceptives include, but not limited to, hormonal oral birth control pills and emergency after intercourse pills as well as intrauterine devices (IUDs).3 However, some religious organizations were exempted from providing coverage of contraception as it violatesRead MoreContraceptive Contraceptives And Contraceptive Implants For All Females1472 Words   |  6 PagesContraception, the use of various devices, drugs, agents, or surgical procedure to prevent conception or impregnation, helps all females plan if and when they want to have a baby. 50 years ago, FDA approved contraception and currently over 100 million women have used contraception in their life. Now, there are various types of contraceptives to choose from including long-acting reversible contraceptives such as intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants (Benagio, Bastianelli, Farris 2006)Read MoreThe Women Of The Care Act Of 20101156 Words   |  5 Pagesto Accessing Contraception Executive Summary/Abstract More than half of all women of reproductive age in the United States use some form of contraceptive (Daniels, Daugherty, and Jones, 2014). Of those, most are on the oral-contraceptive pill. Even with new regulations in place to supposedly increase access to preventive services, there is still an issue of women who are sexually active, do not wish to become pregnant within the next year, and who are not using a form of contraception. Clinician andRead MoreThe Contraceptive Injection Stops Reproduction Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesMYP Science One World Essay: A Reproductive Technology - The Contraceptive Injection Introduction: All around the world, people want to experience sexual intercourse without pregnancy. Women can get pregnant when a sperm fertilizes one of their eggs. Contraception attempts to stop fertilization by either stopping the sperm from reaching the egg or by altering egg production. The contraceptive injection is a long-term method to prevent pregnancy through altering egg production. How injections work:Read MoreThe Ethics Of Birth Control914 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen a topic of debate. Religion and government always collide when it comes to the topic of contraceptives. Some argue that this is a women’s right issue while others believe it is more of a religious liberty issue. Religion, government, women, and even men all have an opinion when it comes to contraceptives. â€Å"An estimated 10.7 million American women use oral contraceptives, the leading method of contraceptive in the United States. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, almostRead MoreThe Morality Of Female Contraception1735 Words   |  7 PagesThe Morality of Female Contraception The morality of contraception is subjective and heavily controversial among families, religious organizations, activist groups, politicians, and corporations. Contraception was first defined in the late 1800’s as the deliberate prevention of conception or impregnation by various techniques, drugs, or devices though contraceptive methods have been used and their morality debated for thousands of years. Raised in the Catholic faith, the teachings I have receivedRead MoreIndia and China are the world’s two largest populated countries. Until 2012, the population in800 Words   |  4 Pagesexplored in aspects of contraceptive method and treatment of involuntary infertility, as well as the overall family planning at individuals and couples level. Contraception is a broad concept which includes contraception, sterilisation and abortion. There are four points in common in two countries: easier access to advanced contraception; available sterilisation service; legal abortion; common sex-selective abortion. Contraception in India is not widely discussed, that women have limited or no choicesRead MoreContraception Insurance Mandate: The Religious Exemption Debate1616 Words   |  7 Pagesthat offer health insurance must cover certain preventative measures for women, including contraception† (Corbin 2013, p. 1470). This requirement has been coined the â€Å"contraception mandate† and has generated an uproar among many Catholic employers in the US (Corbin 2013, p. 1470); they believe it is in violation of their basic rights of religious freedom and freedom of speech to be forced to provide contraceptive services to women. There is an exemption to this rule in place for â€Å"churches, synagoguesRead MoreThe Methods For Preventing Pregnancy1573 Words   |  7 PagesHumans throughout history have been using different methods to prevent pregnancy. Humans started experimenting with different â€Å"natural† methods to take care of themselves, a good example is back in 18 50 BCE Egyptians described how women used to introduce a device made of crocodile dung and fermented dough in their vagina. Other contraceptives methods that Egyptians used such as honey, placed plugs of gum and acacia in the vagina. Another example is Ancient Romans used a highly acidic concoction ofRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Birth Control1393 Words   |  6 PagesProposal Why Not Unload A Gun Contraception has been around for thousands of years. Several methods and technologies have occurred over these years to help further the effectiveness of contraception. Contraceptives come in all shapes and sizes and each one has different qualities including, their strengths and weaknesses. The most commonly used contraceptive is a condom, which helps prevent pregnancies and the transmission of sexual diseases. One large advance for contraception is birth control, which

Characteristics of at Risk Students Free Essays

Pregnant Teens Janet Riley AED/201-Teaching as a Profession December 23, 2012 Mary Ortiz Pregnant Teens In 2010 data was presented by Voices for Virginia’s Children showing a pregnancy rate for school aged children in Virginia Beach to be 106. 7 per 1000 teens (The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Characteristics of at Risk Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now Teenage pregnancy is an issue for many and causes problems for students (University of Phoenix, 2005). The Virginia Beach school district offers programs for pregnant teens to help them become less â€Å"at risk†. Once the teens are in the situation of becoming pregnant, many believe they do not have a choice to continue their education. There are programs such as night classes and centers for pregnant teens available in Virginia Beach for these students. The centers offer free childcare while the parents are in class. This way they do not have to miss school because they have no one to watch the children. The night school has an advanced curriculum to help the students graduate faster. Both programs are good for the teenage parents because it puts them together with others in the same situation. Not only does this put them in a setting with others that can understand what they are going through, it also puts them in an environment where they won’t feel judged by others. Teenage parents may often drop out due to self-esteem issues or lack of help from others. It is very important to both the parents and children that the teens receive a proper education. That is why the programs mentioned are beneficial. They help the teens get past the problems associated with teen pregnancy. They also offer special classes on parenting to help the teens ease into the role of parents. This way they can better handle the transition into parenthood and manage to stay on track. Another great thing about the programs is that they do not cost anything. Many teen parents do not have a lot of money; and any money they have probably goes to doctors and items for the babies/children. The centers and special schools do not charge for admission or childcare. With this burden lifted, teens may feel they do not have to quit school. Just having the childcare is a big plus. Some teens do not get help from others and could not afford an independent daycare. So having a way to have their children being taken care of in a trusted environment is a big deal. There are programs offered by the state that are beneficial to these students as well. Medical programs and supplemental needs programs are offered. The state makes sure the teens and their children have access to doctors, mental health services, family planning services, and drug abuse services (Council on Virginia’s Future, 2012). There are also programs to make sure nutritional needs are met. This is beneficial to students because they can stay healthy and well-nourished enough to remain in school. They also make sure that teens have counseling so they are not overwhelmed by the idea of parenting and finishing school. The programs offered for pregnant teens by Virginia as a state and the city of Virginia Beach are great programs. This is something I actually have personal experience with. I used the night classes to finish school. The night school gave me a chance to graduate. And since the classes did not take up my whole day, I was still able to care for my son. The school years were only as long as an average semester, so it did not take as long to finish school. This way I was able to start a full time job sooner and did not have to sacrifice my education. There is one problem I have found with teen pregnancy programs. The issue of teen pregnancy is something many would rather not mention. People are afraid of bringing attention to the issue or creating influence. Therefore, the programs are not well known. Many only know of them through having to thoroughly research or by hearing from counselors or even peers after they have had time to give up. If the programs were more widely known, the teens would have the advantage to decide to go before completely dropping out. Teen pregnancy does cause a lot of issues when it comes to education. With the help of the schools and centers offered by the city, educational goals can be met. Though it should not be encouraged, the students do not have to be so â€Å"at-risk†. References Council on Virginia’s Future. (2012). Teen Pregnancy. Retrieved from http://vaperforms. virginia. gov/indicators/healthfamily/teenpregnancy. php The Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2012). Teen Pregnancy Rate per 1,000 by Age Group (Rate) – 2010. Retrieved from http://datacenter. kidscount. org/data/bystate/Rankings. aspx? state=VAind=6393 University of Phoenix. (2005). Introduction to Teaching: Becoming a Professional, Second Edition. Retrieved from University of Phoenix, AED/201- Teaching as a Profession website. How to cite Characteristics of at Risk Students, Papers

Corporate Sustainability Management

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Sustainability Management. Answer: Introduction According to Bardsley (2015) urban planning is a process that involves development and improvement of the built, natural, social and economic resources. It is an uphill task and very technical process. It requires a lot of stakeholders for it to be successful. Urban planning guides the orderly planned development in rural localities, suburbs, and the urban cities. Architects have to carry out research and analysis, develop policies and think strategically in implementing their resolutions for urban planning to succeed. The federal government of Australia plays a bigger role in developing the needed policies for urban planning to be undertaken. Urban development is primarily based on the environmental protection and biodiversity conservation. Urban planning covers areas such as infrastructure, transportation, distribution networks and communication in urban areas. It also includes; the protection, development and use of land and environment, the design of the urban environment and bui ldings, the air, and water systems put in place in buildings. The Australian government plans for a cleaner environment that is vital for a stronger Australia. This report tries to summarize the current state of urban planning and proposes sustainable strategies for future development. Background information The Australian government launched a plan for a cleaner environment in September 2013. The plan was purposely developed to deliver real solutions to Australia. The cleaner environment has four pillars namely; Clean land, clean air, clean water and heritage protection (Hedgcock and Pidala, 2014). It was recently reviewed to include support for innovation and a 20-year strategy to develop Antarctica. The government works with other stakeholders such as business people, communities, and individuals for urban planning to be successful and develop an ecologically sustainable Australia. The plan includes reducing emissions by 78 million tons in 2020, deliver more electricity from renewable sources by the year 2020, and develop low emissions technology. The government is also building towards a cleaner, greener environment in urban areas with smart cities plans. Plans for the clean land pillar includes; protecting and repairing Australias natural landscape and the 20 million trees initiativ e. The clean water pillar plans are to develop community-based projects for practical environmentalism, plan for the Murray-Darling basin and protection of the Great Barrier Reef (Garrick et al. 2012). To protect its heritage, Australia is instilling a new sense of pride in Australias heritage. Through sharing of stories, their heritage is preserved for generations to come. The government has developed a 20-year action plan to ensure Antarctica remains valued, protected and understood. Situation Analysis Ecologically sustainable development involves the process of enhancing the communitys resources to maintain and protect ecological processes of life and increase the quality of life as the years go by. Since its endorsement in 1992, Australia has been making tremendous gains in achieving environmentally sustainable development. From 1992, indicators show that Australia is moving in the right direction and will be able to reach some of their targets (Beatley and Newman, 2009). Through economic development Australia is enhancing most aspects of community well-being and equitable distribution within the current generation. Remember the whole plan to achieve ecologically sustainable development depends on protecting the ecological processes that life depends on and the communitys ecological resources and processes. Australia is making great strides towards the achievement ecological sustainability and development. Plans and policies for ecological and natural resources management are bei ng put in place i.e. through reducing emissions significantly and building ecologically sustainable buildings. Case Studies of Ecologically Sustainable Development Buildings The Council House 2 in the city of Melbourne is a holistic system with its occupants as participants. Its model promotes a more interactive role between the city and nature as they all depend on each other. The building sends out a statement that Melbourne aims at achieving zero emissions and reducing the energy consumption of commercial buildings by 50 percent. The building seeks to reduce energy consumption and emissions significantly (Rauscher and Momtaz, 2015). The key areas of achieving ecological sustainability in the building include; shower towers, phase change materials, and the air cooling system. It has a water plant that treats and recycles water for reuse. It has a garden that reduces glare and increases ambiance. Finally, an air conditioner that allows all the occupants to enjoy 100 percent fresh air at the same time. The Council House 2 has some significant ecological sustainability development considerations in the following areas; management, energy, water waste emissions, air, transport, and materials. A building users guide was made available to promote the effective and efficient use of the building. The building is naturally cooled at night through night purging, the heat from tenants is absorbed through chilled panels, and general lights levels are kept low (Robinson and Edwards, 2009). Highly energy efficient equipment is used for example LCD monitors to reduce heat and energy emission. During its construction, 80 percent of the waste was recycled. All the staff is provided with recycling facilities for office waste. Lower floors are fitted with bigger windows to reduce heat. Though they have a water mining plant, rain water is also collected and used to the recycled water. National Museum of Australia In the year 2001 Australia's National Museum was opened. Though there were limitations to achieve high ecological sustainability development, the museum continues to develop its ecological performance. Its primary environmental sustainability development considerations include; natural lighting, energy efficient lighting, thermal mass and passive design, materials, water efficiency and people (Beatley and Newman, 2009). Through these considerations, the Museum is promoting ecological sustainability and conservation. The building has skylights and large windows in its hall for penetration of natural light. The exhibition galleries use natural filtered lighting. In most Museums, light takes up a lot of energy and produces a lot of heat too. Australia's National Museum has gone to greater lengths to make sure that it is adhering to the conserving the environment. The lamping configurations have also been changed from 50 W to 35 W lamps. The architects used modernly developed materials to meet the modern layout. Water conservation is also a priority in the building. It used auto flash urinals and dual flush toilets to reduce water wastage. The Museum has effected saving strategies to help in managing the load sharing across the whole plant. The bigger responsibilities and opportunities rest on the fact that this is a public building. It provides the best of opportunities to teach and educate the people about their history, art, history and the environment. It is amazing the work that the National Museum adds in the achievement of ecological sustainability development in Australia. The Museum regularly shares ecological conservation and sustainability information to its visitors. This is a bold move that ensures the people who visit the Museum get information on environmental preservation and protection of the ecological systems that support life. Brindabella Circuit Located next to Canberra airport, Brindabella Circuit has been built to conserve the ecological environment. The building is energy efficient. It is built to reticulate heating and cooling. Through active chilled beams, the building can control the temperature of its air. The building has an automatic system that controls the perimeter lighting. The system controls the amount of light produced during the day and can turn off lights if its motion sensors do not detect anyone around. Brindabella Circuit saves incredible volumes of water per year. Its water saving strategies lead to 40 percent or more reduction in water consumption (Pemberton and Searle, 2016). They also collect rain water which is added to the whole system. The building has urinals that do not use water and sensor controlled water taps. Its shower heads use only 5 Amperes. All water used is recycled and used again. Brindabella Circuit is fitted with a general exhaust riser. Heat emitted from printers, photocopiers and other office equipment is collected and exhausted. It has lower noise levels due to insulation and double glazing. Most of the materials used in its construction were recycled or reused especially steel and timber. The waste collected during its construction was reused and recycled. Workstations have recyclable and non-recyclable bins (Xia et al, 2015). The refrigerants used have no ozone depletion potential. The building has created social amenities such as a secured and enclosed bike storage. The staff have a changing room located next to the motorcycle store. Urban Form, Community and the Government The urban form, community, and the federal government have different roles to play in the achievement of ecological sustainability development of Australia. The government on itself is very committed to restoring natural processes to a better status, manage resources and develop and adhere to policies. Both three parties are important in managing ecological resources and developing policies. Urban form, community, and the government have to strike a rapport and share ideas and offer each other support consistently. For example, the government starts projects such as Solar Towns and renewing energy. These programs are community-based and involve cultural form. The government and the communities have the right attitude that helps them coordinate such initiatives to improve local environments and manage resources well. In developing policies, the community supports the government entirely. The enactment of two acts namely; the Environmental Protection Act and Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1994 and 1999 respectively received huge support from most Australians (Newton, 2008). These three parties seem to be very different, but it is the relationship they build between themselves and the attitude and commitment they show towards these projects that will help them achieve them manage resources well. Conclusion There is still much work to be done in environmental management and planning in Australia. The government should continue to lead from the front. All the stakeholders in all sectors affected have to be accountable for all their actions. The projects and initiatives the government is starting up such as Solar Town and green cities are very vital for achieving ecologically sustainable development for a stronger Australia (Xia et al, 2015). The government should encourage communities to visit the National Museum where they will gather a lot of information concerning their heritage, culture, and arts. In doing this, Australia shall have secured the future of coming generations and preserve their roots. Businesses have a responsibility of embracing green technology. Through using energy efficient building materials, recycling and reusing materials, using renewable energy and reducing water consumption then the ecologically sustainable future for Australia is secured. Recommendations The government should continue releasing and sourcing for funds to fuel the initiatives it started. To obtain renewable energy targets it has to encourage more generation of electricity from sustainable and renewable sources. Australia should develop and implement policies to enable it to achieve ecological sustainability development. Some policies should promote the use of energy-efficient materials, reusing and recycling materials such as steel, tapping rain water, reducing water consumption and managing the ecological resources that support life (Arthuson, 2012). To ensure the well-being of communities, more initiatives and training needs to be done to community members for the proper management of ecological resources. Strict laws and costlier fines need to develop. Any individual found guilty of breaking these environmental conservation laws have to be punished under the law. Some policies have to be made into laws with the goal of creating green cities to become a reality. It s hould be made compulsory for architects to use energy efficient materials. The government should seek to build partnerships with non-governmental organizations to in environmental management and planning in Australia. Recognizing best performers especially buildings that help conserve the environment and giving the six star ratings is a good method but what about the buildings that have not embraced the technology yet? The government and other stakeholders have to bring every Australian on board for this process to be a success. Australians need to be made aware of the benefits accrued from being ecologically sustainable. Businesses have also to be shown the benefits they can accrue such as building a better image and attracting investors. This will be an incentive to both parties. References Arthurson,K. (2012).Social Mix and the City: Challenging the Mixed Communities Consensus in Housing and Urban Planning Policies. Melbourne: CSIRO Pub. Australia. (2012).Yanyuwa: Gulf of Carpentaria, Northern Territory : declared an Indigenous Protected Area in July 2011. Australia, Australia. (2012).Nationally threatened ecological communities: Natural grasslands on basalt and fine-textured alluvial plains of Northern New South Wales and Southern Queensland, and natural grasslands of the Queensland central highlands and the northern Fitzroy basin. Bardsley, D, Weber, D, Robinson, G, Moskwa, E, Bardsley, A 2015, 'Wildfire risk, biodiversity and peri-urban planning in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia',Applied Geography, 63, pp. 155-165 Beatley,T., Newman,P. (2009).Green urbanism down under: Learning from sustainable communities in Australia. Washington, DC: Island Press. Chakraborty, J, Green, D 2014, 'The relationship between industrial air pollution and social disadvantage in Australia: national and regional inequities',Air Quality Climate Change, 48, 4, pp. 35-38 Garrick, D, Bark, R, Connor, J, Banerjee, O 2012, 'Environmental water governance in federal rivers: opportunities and limits for subsidiarity in Australia's Murray-Darling River',Water Policy, 14, 6, pp. 915-936 Goods, C, Rainnie, A, Fitzgerald, S 2015, 'Ecological modernisation, industry policy and the Australian automotive industry, 200713',Australian Journal Of Political Science, 50, 1, pp. 93-113 Hedgcock, D, Pidal, A 2014, 'Education, practice and professionalism: a comparative history of the development of urban and regional planning in Italy and Australia',Planning Perspectives, 29, 4, pp. 527-542 Newton,P. (2008).Transitions: Pathways towards sustainable urban development in Australia. Collingwood, VIC: CSIRO Pub. Pemberton, S, Searle, G 2016, 'Statecraft, Scalecraft and Urban Planning: A Comparative Study of Birmingham, UK, and Brisbane, Australia',European Planning Studies, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 76-95. Rauscher,R.C., Momtaz,S. (2015).Sustainable neighbourhoods in Australia: City of Sydney urban planning. Robinson, D, Edwards, D 2009, 'Sustainable housing design: measurement, motivation, and management in Sutherland Shire, Sydney, Australia',Environment Planning B: Planning Design, 36, 2, pp. 336-354 Western Australia. (2004).Environmental protection and ecological sustainability of the rangelands in Western Australia. Perth, W.A: Environmental Protection Authority. Wood, R, Garnett, S 2009, 'An assessment of environmental sustainability in Northern Australia using the ecological footprint and with reference to Indigenous populations and remoteness',Ecological Economics, 68, 5, pp. 1375-1384 Xia, B, Chen, Q, Skitmore, M, Zuo, J, Li, M 2015, 'Comparison of sustainable community rating tools in Australia',Journal Of Cleaner Production, 109, pp. 84-91